I can see why they failed, but it's not like they weren't trying to do something that was different from other movies. Barbie, directed by Greta Gerwig and starring Margot Robbie and Ryan Gosling as Barbie and Ken, released on July 21 after months of internet excitement and an extensive marketing campaign. So has it transformed the Mattel original into an empowering representation of womanhood? Suzie Gibson, Donna Bridges and Elizabeth Wulff are gender studies academics and have collaborated together to share the below. The following is a partial list of films that lost the most money, based on documented losses or estimated by expert analysis of various financial factors such as the production budget, marketing and distribution costs, gross box-office receipts and other ancillary revenues. This 2015 fantasy film set out to tell the origin story of the beloved J. Jeanne Dielman, 23, quai du commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975) A lonely widowed housewife does her daily chores, takes care of her apartment where she lives with her teenage son, and turns the occasional trick to make ends meet. A little known, yet integral piece of American history: based on the lives of Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, two young radical women who were instrumental in getting women the right to vote in America. 6 million in its fifth weekend of. ”. On Friday, the Daily Mail published set photos from the upcoming live-action remake of Disney's first animated feature film, "Snow White. ’s new movie, “I Love You, Daddy,” in light of a Times story, published on. “Wonder Woman” could’ve been so much more. Dubbed as the sequel to the ‘Suicide Squad’ starring Margot Robbie as Harley Quinn, a Batman villain. March. Estimated production budget: $200 million. Best feminist movies. Before her abysmal weekend, according to IndieWire,. “On TikTok, some users said they think that in an effort to make Snow White more feminist, Zegler inadvertently assigned anti-feminist sentiment to the character,” per NBC News. There is a big twist in Don’t Worry Darling — one that anyone who has seen or read about recent slavery films Alice or Antebellum could guess from the trailer. Thelma and Louise! 28. With Josiah Swanson. In the interest of full disclosure, I loved the 1970's Charlie's Angels. Related Topics Movie. Sadly, they could have fixed that. But ticket sales for Paul Rudd’s latest adventure have cratered in subsequent weeks. Many of. Because of the pandemic, the movie opened simultaneously in cinemas and for streaming on HBO Max, and while the budget had gone. 6 million in its fifth weekend of. A24. This safety only lasts for so long, when Needy goes home alone and Jennifer finds herself in the band's van. Star Wars: Episode V — The Empire Strikes Back. This list is all about the latter — the films which have drowned in their own ridiculous budgets and. Watch on. The Flash is the latest box office failure for WBD. It already broke even with a box office return of > $150 millions. AaronP/Bauer-Griffin/GC Images. 40% of $100 is $40, so this movie that made $80 over its budget actually lost $20 ($40 domestic share + $40 overseas share = $80 total share, $100 total budget - $80 total share = $20 loss). Quick Links: Tiger Rant •. The film made and sometimes the humour just fell. There's no greater movie about sisterhood than Thelma & Louise —a landmark feminist film about two women on a road trip. Four men, four women. Maude takes the co-pilot seat, and she and token black guy land the plane together very roughly. Ghostbusters needed glowing reviews so that good word-of-mouth could help this film beat. Watch on. June 28, 2023. Two years ago, Michele Morrone was working as a gardener in a tiny northern Italian village. The same could be said for films which are said to give ‘voice. The films on this list are. By Emma Nolan. One Mattel exec visited the film’s set to “argue” over a scene, while another said that this is “not a feminist movie,” according to a new Time magazine cover. The "Barbie" movie has been causing controversy on social media. For actress and producer Margot Robbie, the upcoming Barbie movie is a feminist tale, but Mattel executives don’t quite agree. " The photos appeared to show that the new movie had swapped out its seven dwarfs in favor of seven diverse individuals, and mockery quickly ensued. Misogynists said that the new Dungeons and Dragons movie would flop because it's 'anti-men' but that claim has hilariously backfired on them with a Rotten Tomatoes score of 89% coming from most people who got to see it early. , $65. Everyone wants to be Jordan Peele. Joy, the most boring movie imaginable, made 100M worldwide on her name alone. The movie starred Susan Sarandon and Geena Davis as friends who set off on a road trip and become outlaws after Sarandon's character shoots a would-be rapist. Corey Nickols. 5 million in its domestic debut, a dismal result for a movie of its scale. While Barbie continues to achieve box office success around the world, the film’s performance in South Korea has been lacklustre, with critics and activists citing a. Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai Du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975) Chantal Akerman ‘s avant-garde masterpiece is simply the greatest feminist film ever made. Flubber. There's no greater movie about sisterhood than Thelma & Louise —a landmark feminist film about two women on a road trip. Depends on Whom You Ask. Misogynists said that the new Dungeons and Dragons movie would flop because it's 'anti-men' but that claim has hilariously backfired on them with a Rotten Tomatoes score of 89% coming from most. Now she’s closer to ‘queer camp’. The moment “Priscilla” turned into a horror movie for me, was when Jacob Elordi’s Elvis Presley gave a sleeping pill to his new, much-younger girlfriend (portrayed by Cailee Spaeny), leaving. The Hollywood movie The Woman King, released in mid-September, became an immediate box-office success. Sep 28, 2022 at 10:58 AM EDT. But why did Terminator: Dark Fate prove such a flop despite being a genuinely good Terminator outing? The textbook definition of ‘revisionist history’, The Woman King, at face value, is a film that brings to life the intersectional feminist’s wet dream of seeing a group of strong Black women portrayed as heroes against European slave traders. 1. Feminism is the New F-Word – Populism & Patriarchy Among Young South Korean Men - Harvard Political Review. The release of both a new She-Hulk comic and a live-action series in 2022 is pulling Jen back to her roots. It wants to keep the silliness of the original TV show and be a modern high-tech spy thriller, and it wants to make feminist points along the way. We're going to put all of our movies in theaters. ☑️ HELP ME REACH 300,000 SUBSCRIBERS!support EpicVerse:was supposed to be timely, revolutionary, powerful and a feminist’s dream. So I can see why studios would lean more towards having LGBTQ side characters in bigger movies than try to make completely LGBTQ movies simply because they are likely to flop by nature of what they are and the zeitgeist of the country itself. The film included a female producer, director and writer, so it’s not surprising the movie is “less male gaze-y,” this further explains why it flopped and sets female producers back another 20 steps – leave the directing to male producers doll, go protest about being an oppressed rich white woman somewhere doll!Fuck me, another garbage article blowing smoke up "feminist" asses about this garbage ass movie. 9 on IMDb — 73% on RT. I am a big Water fan, but tbh even Fire is a great feminist movie IMO. July 17, 2023, 9:15 AM PDT. Some movies take off and soar at the box office. However, something happens that changes her safe routine. And, shockingly, it’s good. Especially in how visible it is thanks to K-Pop & Korean dramas being popular worldwide. One of the best female buddy movies of all time, Thelma and Louise was an instant classic when it came out in the early 1990s, and it remains so today. Michael Fassbender and Kate Winslet. (Bluntly, that is a silly. ”. Since the movie was released in cinemas on July 21, it has sparked debate on social media. As for “Dead Reckoning Part One,” sources familiar with the movie’s financial modeling say that it will break even if it can hit $600 million at the global box office. Because of the pandemic, the movie opened simultaneously in cinemas and for streaming on HBO Max, and while the budget had gone up to $200m, most of the other details were consistent with the. 19, 2022 3:55 pm EST. Available to stream on. That ranks as one of the worst results. Listen. Mike de Leon’s Kisapmata leaves nothing but silence as everything happens as fast as a blink of an eye. The reason for the film’s disastrous opening, according to Banks? Sexism. 1. And the new regime has said that, we're not going to make $70 million movies for the streaming service. Disney’s Snow White live-action remake—which features a more diverse cast, including Hispanic actress Rachel Zegler as the titular princess—is angering right-wing commentators, many. ago. LSU Recruiting •Warner Bros. I. While Susan Vance (Katharine Hepburn) plays a thoroughly destructive role in the life of David Huxley (Cary Grant), who she meets thanks to a. Disney. Not sure of the feminist part but the movie came out at a time when most hated Megan Fox for comments and acting done in two Transformers movies. K. Chris Hemsworth’s character is over-the-top stupid, and the film refuses to stop beating the dead joke. Barbie used to be everything wrong with patriarchal beauty ideals, feminist professor says. From. It has a fairly good gender ratio. Some of these films, like “Captain Marvel” and “Frozen 2,” made more than $1 billion each. / IMDb. It was a really fun movie even for 3 hours. On that note, the relationship between women and body horror in film is a really fascinating topic altogether, so certain movies that deal with monstrous puberty (Ginger Snaps, Jennifer's Body) or monstrous pregnancy (Rosemary's Baby, The Brood, The Fly) could be considered "accidental feminist" films. Evolving from the analysis of representations of women in film, feminist film theory asks questions about. As of Aug. Director Greta Gerwig, who has built a devoted following for such female-forward movies as Lady Bird and Little Women, has labeled Barbie "most certainly a feminist film. The Lone Ranger came out. Loaded 0%. However, if anything, the film seemed to sustain its performance anxiety. 114. A theatre kid turned international movie star, Zegler. But there’s no denying that a bunch of feminist-leaning movies are vying for Hollywood’s biggest trophies this awards season. “Critics really, really dislike the flick,” notes Daily Wire. "Suffragette (2015) Suffragette Official Trailer #1 (2015) - Carey Mulligan, Meryl Streep Drama HD. TMZ. Blue Beetle, the latest woke superhero movie from DC/Warner Bros. The chapter Faludi devotes almost entirely to Fatal Attraction is painfully clear: Sherry Lansing, the film’s producer, had hoped at first to make a feminist movie, but the studio was against it. Ponyo – $34m budget, $15. Very. A tainted title. In. From No Men Allowed and The Joy Luck Club to Kill Bill and Hidden Figures, these are 20 quintessential feminist movies you need to watch. The 2014 animated comedy was a massive critical and commercial hit for Warner Bros. Following 1883 's conclusion, it was announced that 1932 would instead be called 1923, which is related to earlier concerns about 1923 's historical accuracy. The character who is the primary protagonist of the Terminator franchise is killed minutes into the film and is completely removed from the equation only to be replaced by the new hero of Daniella “Dani” Ramos. Busting the Remoaner myths about Brexit spiked ‘ [Men will] go and see a comic-book movie… because that’s a male genre. 2. Not surprising. " Mattel executives, on. Some are victims of bad timing or botched marketing. At best, this projection sees Blue Beetle earning a total of only $55 million domestic. The opening crawl of A New Hope, just called Star Wars in 1977, introduced audiences to the plight of a young woman, Princess Leia, and her goal to. 20, 2024, to July 25, 2025. Head to the Imagination Pavilion in EPCOT and you might not know this film was a flop, but Disney’s Flubber, released in 1997, received overwhelmingly negative reviews. Employees called out Sandler by name as a blight upon the studio. In Hollywood, it was the era of “Basic Instinct” and “Pretty Woman,” which are arguably not the most rah-rah feminist movies. Maybe the most hated movie by feminists everywhere, mainly because they are under the misconception that the movie promotes the idea that it is a good idea to give up the own voice to get a man. Although I’m sure the far-left entertainment media will soon blame this failure on “racist” Americans ignoring a movie set in Colombia, that holds no water. Feminist Film Theory: An Introductory Reading List. ‘Jeanne Dielman, 23, Commerce Quay, 1080 Brussels’ explores three days in the life of its titular character who is a widowed mother making a living out of prostitution. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. There is not much to say about the upcoming feminist movie “Ghostbusters. 85 million at the US box office. i. Misogyny & anti-feminism is a problem everywhere & nobody ever said it's only unique to South Korea. Dale Robinette*. The all-female, ultra-progressive The 355 has hit theaters, and it’s already destined to end up as another lackluster action flop, the same as The Matrix Resurrections. Recently, Diablo Cody, Oscar-winning screenwriter for Juno (2007) and the original script writer for Barbie, spoke out about why she left the production. But Gloria rescues one Barbie from the pile. boxofficepro. Published: July 19, 2023 10. Now however there’s one more variable to throw things off. But the lengths to which anti-feminist men go to subdue feminism in any way they can is very much unique to it. Feminist analyses of the historical dynamics of gender systems are fundamental to the work of challenging growth-driven political economies, and of designing more equitable and balanced ecosocial systems. Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom wasn't any easier than women's plight in the. After a difficult history setting, and maintaining, unrealistic beauty standards, she has been reinvented as a feminist icon. Conservatives, in particular, swarmed to poke fun at what. Despite the Toy Story franchise being one of Disney's biggest earners from its animated film collection, its 2022 spin-off film, Lightyear, was a huge box office flop in comparison. Olivia Wilde’s critically maligned, drama-laden sophomore feature made $19. She begins to play with the doll, imagining costumes for her that bespeak. Simmons, Amy. ‘Booksmart’ This one added a wrinkle to the already tired woke formula. The opening crawl of A New Hope, just called Star Wars in 1977, introduced audiences to the plight of a young woman, Princess Leia, and her goal to. But without heart, all of the feminist trumpet-sounding rings hollow. ” For those of us who aren’t in the echo chamber of Hollywood and. . Worldwide gross so far: $400. harvardpolitics. In a new Time magazine feature about the brand’s history and the. It’s become one of the ways through which we understand the film industry, how we. It wants to keep the silliness of the original TV show and be a modern high-tech spy thriller, and it wants to make feminist points along the way. Greta Gerwig’s Barbie movie is a ‘feminist bimbo’ classic – and no, that’s not an oxymoron. Newly divorced, broke and severely depressed, he had given up on his TV acting career. 5 million. July 17, 2023, 9:15 AM PDT. (Bluntly, that is a silly. July 19, 2023. 8m total worldwide BO. CATS is the BIGGEST Box Office Flop - We Don't Want Your Crazy Woke Feminist Movies, Hollywood: Directed by Josiah Swanson. “This world has the Matrix all over the place,” Lana Wachowski said at the time. Do "feminist" movies fail because they push current feminism? This is an oversimplification on why certain movies (seen as pushing an agenda) fail at the box office. Though the two arch villains, Gru and Vector, are both male, and all the minions are coded as male, many females, from Gru’s. 1. The movie highlights Weinstein’s blackballing of actresses, the case of victims’ disappearing roles if they attempted to speak out, the. By Emma Nolan. Nor was their movie, which bombed with $35 million. Elizabeth Banks has opened up about the box office failure of Charlie's Angels and noted a Hollywood double standard that she was up against as a. There’s also the rare case where movies have insured their losses by agreeing “pre-sales” with distributors before the movie is finished. It hates the Barbie toy itself, dubbing it 'fascist' and worse throughout the film. A feminist perspective on film MUST acknowledge and grapple with the dominance of the male perspective and the male gaze onscreen (and in the culture at large!). Among the greatest films ever made, Chantal Akerman's nearly three-and-a-half-hour. Ben Shapiro just threw a total tantrum over the “Barbie” movie. It scored a 24% on Rotten Tomatoes. Topline. 1. Conservative pundits like Matt Walsh and author Jeff Minick invoke toxic femininity to oppose feminism writ large. Feminist movie "She Said" FLOPS at the box office! Biggest Hollywood disaster of 2022! 86 2 4:54. “Lightyear” is not the first time Disney has waded into the culture wars; in March, the company opposed Florida’s “Don’t Say Gay” law promoted by Gov. Most recently, Amazon is doing its part with their remake of the movie “Cinderella” starring singer Camila Cabello. Not so much. The last one with Cameron Diaz, Lucy Lui and Drew Barrymore was a hit. A Girl Walks Home Alone At Night (2014) - dir. With a little less than a month to go until its release, the curtain is finally starting to peel back on Greta Gerwig’s Barbie movie, mostly. Courtesy of Warner Bros. Call it a pink wave if you must. Researching the Influence of Feminist Film Theory. WinuX79 • 4 yr. Pictures. As of Friday, “Barbie” had earned more than $32 million in China, according to Maoyan, a platform that tracks Chinese box office data, compared with more than $485 million in the U. Promising Young Woman - Booksmart - Annihilation - Hidden Figures - Bombshell - Battle of the Sexes - Moxie - Fried Green Tomatoes - Wonder Woman - Mad Max Fury Road. In reality, the film was critiqued for its less-than-revolutionary production values and content and was a box office flop. Watch the Wolverines take on the Terps. T he Barbie movie’s great triumph is its heroine’s makeover. Ding ding ding ding ding. 1. Though it had a decent cast and a decent story, it still ended up becoming a box office flop. But. One of A. 5 million domestically since its release on December 23. Opinion by Stephanie Hallett. Chris Rock making fun of Jada Pinkett-Smith at the Oscars not only resulted in a slap from Will Smith, it also inadvertently rekindled interest in Ridley Scott's much-maligned feminist action movie. The reason the movie shows so many mirrors, is because many people forgot what the mirror represents. The movie, despite doing well opening weekend, looks like it's a flop. March 17, 2016, 7:30 AM. Being compleatly honest for me what might be the #1 reason as to why they flop is that they dont have a clear audience in mind when making this movies, Charlies Angels from 2019 is a good example, the original TV show and the 2000s movies had a very clear demographic in mind, they appealed to the avarage guy who liked spy movies, action movies. /YouTube. Then the producer could have gotten the movie she wanted. The Hollywood movie The Woman King, released in mid-September, became an immediate box-office success. ago Maybe because it had a shitty cast. Over the weekend, Disney and 20th Century Studio’s reimagining of “West Side Story” collected just $10. There are a lot of male-lead movies, and a lot of them bomb, but even these flops are often remembered fondly. While both. Starring Carey Mulligan, Annie-Marie Duff, Helena Bonham Carter. I watched this movie once on a bored saturday night and I wholly regret wasting my time. Join. Jan 10, 2019 10:10am PT Why So Many Feminist-Leaning Movies Now? Maybe Because It’s Time By Diane Garrett Pixar Call it a pink wave if you must. The Matrix, in which everything Neo knows about his life is indeed a lie propagated by a malign conspiracy, was a timely text. The remaining survivors are Maude, Quaid, token black guy, and one remaining sexist who was slightly less sexist than the others. Log in to Reddit. Catalog; For You; The Guardian (USA) ‘The fear of being labelled feminist is real’: Barbie movie flops in South Korea 2023-08-03 - Raphael Rashid in Seoul . The movie is now on track to becoming one of Disney’s worst flops of all time. Yet look at its box office haul - $325 domestic and $421 international. The movie is set mostly. When you have an entire mainstream media apparatus backing up a movie like they did with this one then you’ll end up getting false perceptions. K. The film features a transgender actor and feminist themes. It wants to keep the silliness of the original TV show and. But in reality, this team up between director Gina. (3 min) Barry Keoghan Photo: Courtesy of Prime. A common rule of thumb for overseas is 40% to studios, which works fine for our armchair purposes. Wild (2014) Stream Now. A feminist academic has slammed the new Oppenheimer movie after claiming that no women speak until 20 minutes into the movie. I do have a type and that is loud, outspoken, opinionated, smart, and confident women so I seem to be attracted to a lot. Amid Slave Trade Criticism. Both Water and Fire by Deepa Mehta are pretty great. This paper presents an outline of how "feminists of difference" have used psychoanalytic theory to shed light on the construction of gender. Jaap Buitendijk. 1. She’s taught to be self-confident and tough. Remember me Not recommended on shared computers. 3 million in its second weekend. Since Dark Fate was meant to be a direct sequel to Terminator 2 , it was insult to injury, and flopped as a result. Even Hollywood TRASHES Billy Eichner After Woke BROS Box Office DISASTER! 34 1:14:28. Many of. Don’t get me wrong: Marriage Story is a brilliant film. Warner Bros. Viola Davis ' new movie has sparked a fierce debate about Hollywood covering hard truths through a lens -- including slavery. Overseas markets return only a fraction of what the North American box office does. When Ken returns to Barbieland he convinces the Kens that their rights. The Lone Ranger (2013) This Johnny Depp-starring Western needed about $650 million worldwide just to break even. Alamy. That would be over the. Just know you supported the. Disney’s Snow White live-action remake—which features a more diverse cast, including Hispanic actress Rachel Zegler as the titular princess—is angering right-wing commentators, many. Thank you! Ronny Haze is the creato. Disney’s feminism is asking for too much of a suspension of disbelief from its audience. What makes a film ‘non-feminist’ isn’t always linked purely to love, it’s the fact that the princess has usually sacrificed something to be with a man. did this one right. The film drove. Bros. But it only brought in $18 million on an $80 million investment. In spite of Barbie's continued box office success worldwide, critics and activists have cited South Korea's lacklustre reception of a foreign film with a feminist theme as the reason for the country's underwhelming box. When Elizabeth Banks’ recent iteration of Charlie's Angels tanked at the box office, Banks literally blamed men for the commercial failure of her film. Venkman? Try Dr. 00 hardcover, $22. Why ‘feminist’ films flop. “I have really bad breath in. Barbieland: Analysis. If the comic book movie cannot appeal to comic book fans, who like lots of action, action poses, and chiseled-bodied hot people doing action-y things, the studio will have a giant, expensive flop on their hands. Feminist movie ‘Birds of Prey’ should be a movie that sells itself amongst moronic feminazis, however it has recently been raising red flags. Greta Gerwig's PG-rated, 2019 adaptation of Louisa May Alcott's Little Women is arguably the most feminist yet. More than any film I’ve seen this year, Emerald Fennell ’s “Saltburn” is guaranteed to generate. Bamdad Film. 1m Domestic BO, $201. By Alex Abad-Santos Feb 17, 2020, 9:00am EST July 2, 2020. The movie is set in Barbie Land, a utopia where each Barbie has an impressive job. This comes at a time when feminist themes are still considered taboo in the nation's deeply patriarchal society. The triumphs of the Agoodjies, the women warriors of the ancient Kingdom of Dahomey in today. The “woke” debate on Twitter. “Moxie,” one of the newest Netflix original movies, attempts to tell an inspiring feminist story, but the end product is yet another microagressive, white feminist narrative. 7, Ghostbusters had earned just under $180 million at the global box office, including $117 million domestic. Jeanne Dielman, 23 Commerce Quay, 1080 Brussels (1975) Film. It was a conversation I’ve had a number of times in my life, when called upon to defend my love of a genre that will, for. . In fact, that became the crux of the plot and, to its detriment, the entire point of the film. Several of these stories, for. The Bechdel test made it especially easy for us to enumerate these weaknesses. The film has been watched by many and the plot has been. Also, the original story is already a rich feminist text. How Jennifer’s Body went from a flop in 2009 to a feminist cult classic today. Bringing Up Baby (1938) Director: Howard Hawks. 5. The Barbie movie has arrived and we seem to be reaching peak Barbie-mania. Best feminist movies. Very, very strong. . Snow White is a threat to the stepmother only. Director Greta Gerwig, who has built a devoted following for such female-forward movies as Lady Bird and Little Women, has labeled Barbie "most certainly a feminist film. When the band turns out to be worshipping the devil, the true horror comes out—and Jennifer is terrified of what might happen to her. Greta Gerwig’s Barbie has bombed at the box office in South Korea despite a lavish premiere in Seoul. Since its local release on July 19, Barbie has sold just over 460,000 tickets. . Maybe Prince-Bythewood has tapped into something that the two lousy Wonder Woman movies missed, but whatever it is, it isn’t excitement. Headlines were quick to Yes the movie had pacing issues, the denounce Charlie’s Angels as a action scenes could be quite draggy box office flop. The most difficult thing for Birds of Prey might be that it came out in the year 2020. ago. By this time, Hepburn had starred in several critically acclaimed flops. “I’m. ”. She admitted to her lack of personal resolution regarding these. vox. What you do need is a compelling story and a hero (male or female) that you look up to or at least like. On Friday morning, the film distributor The Orchard announced that it was cancelling the release of Louis C. The gremlin reappears and Maude shoots it, seemingly killing it, as it falls out of the plane. There are many reasons why the best sci-fi movies tend to flop at the box office. Barbie has surpassed the US$1 billion mark for ticket sales internationally. The unfair pressure for Birds of Prey to be a great feminist superhero movie Imagine if Birds of Prey and Harley Quinn had the same freedom as Joker. Everything you listed is really mainstream that is trying to appeal to a wide variety of audience so the themes are in your face than an indie film that can approach themes with subtlety. 1 million worldwide. A feminist movie is one where the portrayal of characters is such that nobody is stereotyped into set gender roles and related performativity, with reasonable exceptions. There is a big twist in Don’t Worry Darling — one that anyone who has seen or read about recent slavery films Alice or Antebellum could guess from the trailer. In spite of Barbie's continued box office success worldwide, critics and activists have cited South Korea's lacklustre reception of a foreign film with a feminist theme as the reason for the country's underwhelming box office results. But, Barbie's brand of hyperfeminine. 1 / 31 rd. .